









★ cosplay materials ★
plastics and craft

polymorph
★ funnily enough shares a name with a DnD spell
★ ‘Friendly Plastic’
★ granule thermoplastic with a low melting point (62 degrees)
★ biodegradable polyester
★ can be shaped and re-shaped infinitely
★ can add pigments to it
★ softened with boiling water, a hair dryer or heat gun
★ moulded by hand
★ can be painted with model paints
★ make moulds

resin clay
★ comes in black and white
★ remains flexible when dried
★ can roll to be very thin without cracking or tear
★ can be painted or dyed with acrylic paint
★ finished pieces need to be varnished
★ dries to very smooth finish
★ can glue pieces together with super glue, hot glue or epoxy glue
★ airdry
★ needs to be kept airtight

cosclay
★ very lightweight
foam texture when cured
★ airdry/hairdry for faster curing
★ can be heat moulded and sanded once dry
★ can be primed and painted
★ can be dyed with acrylic paint
★ comes in black and white
★ needs to be kept airtight
★ can be glued with contact adhesive once dry

cosfoam
★ thick high density sheet foam
★ comes in different thicknesses (5mm and 10mm on coscraft)
★ heat mouldable
★ can be used in conjunction with thermoplastic sheets
★ sandable
surface of foam shrinks and tightens slightly when heated
★ suitable for armour and prop-making
★ can heat-seal so only minimal priming is needed before painting
★ glue using contact adhesive or hot glue

eva foam
★ thin but very dense sheet foam
★ comes in different thicknesses (2mm, 3mm, 6mm on coscraft)
★ heat mouldable
can be used in conjunction with thermoplastic sheets
★ sandable
★ surface of foam shrinks and tightens slightly when heated
★ suitable for armour and prop-making
★ can heat-seal so only minimal priming is needed before painting
★ glue using contact adhesive or hot glue

worbla
★ sheet thermoplastic with working temperature of 80-90 degrees
★ non-toxic
★ can be shaped and re-shaped infinitely
★ flexible after hardening
★ contains strong heat activated glue, sticks to itself and other materials when heated
★ paint with acrylics and spray paints, though will probably need plastic primer due to smooth surface
★ comes in different colours and effects like transparent and crystal
textiles

interfacing
★ layer applied to fabric to add firmness, shape, structure and support
used for collars, cuffs, waistbands, pockets, shoulder seams, necklines
★ different weights for different fabrics, should match
★ sew-in or fusible
★ woven, non-woven or knit
★ comes in black and white

hemming tape
★ joins small areas of fabric together without stitches
★ iron-on fusible

wadding
★ used to add extra thickness to costumes, quilting and filling 3D forms
★ weight measured in “loft”
★ comes in fusible types, more suited for smaller areas

bondaweb
★ double sided adhesive layer that joins fabric layers
★ can be used on fabrics, felt, cardboard, wood, leather
★ iron-on
★ transparent (white transfer paper)

stretchfix
★ bondaweb for stretch fabrics
★ elastic adhesive web
★ iron-on
★ maintains the elasticity of the fabric
★ transparent (white transfer paper)

bias binding
★ length of fabric cut diagonal to the grain, making it stretchier
★ comes in single or double fold
★ most come as cotton, cotton/poly mix or satin
★ available with a picot edging for decoration

scuba
★ £3.50 per 0.5m
★ 260gsm
★ 95% polyester, 5% spandex
★ 19 colours
★ smooth, low-sheen
★ 4-way stretch

klona cotton
★ £3.20 per 0.5m
★ 160gsm
★ 100% cotton
★ 31 colours
★ heavier than cotton poplin but lighter than cotton drill

chiffon
★ £1.90 per 0.5m
★ 33gsm
★ 100% polyester
★ 33 colours
★ sheer and light

cotton drill
★ £4.10 per 0.5m
★ 267gsm
★ 100% cotton
★ 7 colours
★ heavyweight but breathable
★ good for uniforms and jackets

heavy satin
★ £3.00 per 0.5m
★ 200gsm
★ 100% polyester
★ 11 colours
★ wrinkle-resistant
★ low-lustre

cotton velvet
★ £5.40 per 0.5m
★ 200gsm
★ 100% cotton
★ 7 colours

poplin
★ also called poly-cotton
★ lightweight
★ more structured, less drape
★ slight lusture
★ wrinkle-resistant

jacquard satin
★ lightweight and breathable
★ very smooth and shiny
★ expensive

silk dupion
★ made from silk
★ slightly more structured
★ medium wight and breathable
★ high lustre
★ wrinkle-resistant
★ expensive

non-roll elastic
★ resistant to rolling or twisting
★ used to make waistbands

garment vinyl
★ heat-transferable vinyl
★ best transfers onto cotton, polyester and poly/cotton

pattern making
★ often using muslin for mockups
★ pattern packs available to buy
★ can design and calculate own for custom garments

buttons
★ magnetic sew-in buttons
★ self-cover buttons
★ sew-on snap fasteners

zips
★ evenly attaches to fabric unlike buttons

elastic
★ add stretch to a garment
★ armhole and leg openings, necklines, waistlines

no sew glue
★ attaches fabrics without sewing
★ adhere once tacky
★ dries clear

contact cement
★ flexible acrylic contact
adhesive
★ quick and very strong bond
★ bonds eva foam, plastics, leather, etc
★ flammable solvent

hot glue
★ multi-purpose glue
★ quick dry time
★ bonds fabric, foam
★ doesn’t bond smooth surfaces
wigs
most cosplayers use synthetic wigs, while less common options like paper wigs and using your natural hair are still possible. since the fibres of synthetic wigs are a type of plastic they have to be styled differently to natural fibre, as well as having the danger of melting.
prepping
★ one option is to backcomb and hairspray the entire wig, then brush it all out to add volume and texture
★ you can also crimp the wig to damage the fibres and add more volume, this also prevents long wigs from tangling
★ you can dye synthetic wigs using fabric dye (e.g. rit dye) or acrylic mixed with water
★ adding baby powder can reduce the shine on cheap synthetic wigs
cutting
★ use a wire wig brush and a comb, regular hair brushes can damage the synthetic fibres
★ use hair dressing scissors and regular ones will not be sharp enough for a clean cut
★ use a razor to thin sections, like for creating bangs or anything with a tapered end
★ slide the scissors down the hair as you cut it so you don’t end up with unnaturally blunt ends
styling
★ Got2b hairspray is hailed as the best option for synthetic wigs, using a hairdryer to dry for an even firmer hold
★ paint pins the colour of your wig so they are less noticable
★ use a comb and hairspray, and tease the roots to add extra volume
★ use white glue to create stiff sections of hair in complex wig designs
★ create curls by heating hair with a heat tool and wrap it around a rod and secure until cooled, add hairspray for extra hold
https://coscraft.co.uk/collections/plastics-craft
https://coscraft.co.uk/collections/sewing
https://www.thesewingdirectory.co.uk/
https://www.hobbycraft.co.uk/sewing/
★ designing and making cosplay ★
buying or hand-made
you can choose to hand-make or buy your cosplay, or do a combination. when buying, there are options for buying fully pre-made cosplays for your specific character such as from dokidokicos.com, or you can form their outfit by collecting pieces from different places like shops and thrifting.
character likeness
true to screen
making your cosplay as screen-accurate as possible, less stylisation and more staying close to their canonical design.
adaptation
you can embellish and put your own spin on the characters design/create alternate versions of them. embellishing is common with more simple cartoon characters as it can make your outfit more visually interesting to add things like textures and details.
‘closet cosplay’
using clothes you already own to resemble a character, as a much more casual and cheaper way to still participate in cosplaying.
con-crunch
the phenomenon of rushing to finish your cosplay in time for the deadline of the event.
it’s easy to get over-ambitious with the scope of your cosplay, wanting to have the wig, outfit, accessories, coat, shoes, armour, weapon, contacts and make-up all perfect. but sometimes not everything is going to be possible, and it’s more important that you’re having fun making it (and not just at the convention)
https://talknerdywithus.com/2016/05/cosplay-con-crunch-what-it-is-and-how-to-cope/
★ @iblissey interview ★
marie and i have been friends for seven years since 2016, and she has been cosplaying since that time also. we went to my first convention together, while she often attends multiple every year and competes in the cosplay championships.



what does cosplay mean to you?
for me, cosplay is about more than just the craftsman ship that goes into sewing something or making certain props, it’s the embodiment of my deepest passions and some things i’ve spent many years of my life pouring my heart and soul into. I always making sure that everything i make, every single cosplay, always has my own unique touch and i know that i will look like nobody else when i step out onto the stage. it’s also about building a really good community, i’ve made so many friends through cosplay and it really has changed my life.
how do cosplay competitions work and what is your experience with them?
so, every competition circuit is completely unique depending on the circuit you’re running in and the company that’s running it. the major two in the UK are MCM obviously and the INSOMNIA circuit. there are also competitions at more minor cons that tend to be like ‘come-by’ competitions so every single con will have different judges, different prizes, different quotas. but for major cons like MCM theres very specific quotas, you have to have made an entire costume bible for your costume, you have to have prepared a speech about what you’ve made, how you made it, and what it means to you. and you also have a short performance prepared. i’ve been doing this for such a long time at this point that it’s just second nature to take all the pictures as you’re going, but it can really be quite nerve-wracking. so, the way that MCM works is that you compete in MCM birmingham, or MCM manchester or edinburgh now, and if you win one of those you progress forward to compete in the crown championships which can be held at birmingham or london twice a year. and those are very, very intense. you have to prepare cosplays about a year in advance/plus if you even want to place. and then if you win those you can then go onto the european leagues so that’s an entirely different story. and for INSOMNIA, the way it works is that you have to have one an MCM competition to be invited to compete in the crown championships, and then if you win those you can then be a judge at the later competitions, so it’s a way of working up the ranks. but for me, competitions are more just about being able to show off what i’ve made on a much, much bigger stage than what i’d be able to on smaller scale competitions. you can also do a fun performance, and you get to design your own lighting which is sick.
how many cosplays have you done? and how many in the past year?
that is a number i quite literally cannot count, i’d honestly say its definitely bigger than fifty. if i had to eyeball it i’d say about seventy-something, this is including small cosplays and different versions of characters.
well things are about to slow down, given that costume design which is basically cosplay is also my degree. but in the past year i completed princess peach, currently in the process of making my next competition piece which is about a year in the making as well, finished lady dimitrescu, finished also bayonetta two, and helen bierce from dark deception. so that would be 4 and a half if we count ones in the middle of being made.
what are your go-to cosplay materials?
so i’m going to split my materials into three categories: sewing, prop-making and wig styling.
so for sewing, my go-to material, my basis for everything, is poplin. it’s so good, super versatile, comes in a lot of colours, cheap, and lightweight. i use it to line everything; if a cosplay needs to be lightweight, like my princess peach dress because of the sheer amount of material, i’ll make it almost entirely out of poplin. i also am very impartial to a lovely silk dupion, it’s gorgeous but very expensive, those are much more for more decorative ones. Interfacing, you want to interface absolutely everything. And also a nice jacquard satin, you can never go wrong with that that looks absolutely gorgeous on everything you put it on.
and then for prop-making, the basis for absolutely everything is eva foam, you always use that as a base. sometimes you can use insulation foam, but then you’d have to add a lot more layers. so there’s eva foam, and then thermoplastics like worbla are absolutely excellent. veraform is also quite good if you’re making masks, its a mesh-like material you put in boiling water to meld. polymorph is also brilliant if you’re making gems. so yeah those four would be the main for prop-making.
and then for wig-styling, you always get your wigs from coscraft.com or anywhere you find that does high quality wigs. but then any cosplayer will tell you that if you’re wig-styling wigs you have to have got2b hairspray, its got to be got2b. you can’t use anything else, nothing is nearly as good for synthetic wigs.
do you usually finish your cosplays in time or are you doing it the night before?
well it depends, i’ve actually grown out of the habit of con-crunching as a costumer who’s now sort of in the professional world i absolutely hate seeing rushed cosplays. it’s a pet peeve of mine. but i’ve much grown out of the habit, although sometimes i have to strictly schedule my last two weeks before the con. but normally i’ll plan out things weeks in advance, especially since i’m quite deep in the competition circuit. judges can really tell if you’ve con-crunched something. so it’s normally best to have everything scheduled out well in advance.
can you tell me a bit more about the con-crunch experience?
there’s very much a point of pride at being at a con, in that your cosplay has to be the best you can make it. and a lot of the time, everyone that cosplays has ADHD, not everyone but you know, everyones got the attention span of goldfishes. so the experience of con-crunching is about three days before the con, you’ll realise you’re missing a vital element of your cosplay, you’ve left it too long. you’ve either not styled the wig, your dress isn’t lined, your prop isn’t made, or you’ve just decided last minute you want to add a last bit to your cosplay. therefore the last three days before your con, all schedules completely go out the window and you’ll spend about twenty-four hours doubled-over on the floor desperately scrawling patterns onto eva foam. the problem with con-crunching is that your props tend to be a lot visibly, not messier, but they are of visibly lower quality from con-crunching. especially with props, it’s just not enough time to allow the heat glue to cure properly so props are more likely to break if they’ve been con-crunched. But there is a certain community around con-crunching in that everyone’s experienced it and we all understand you know; if you’ve con-crunched, all the power to you.
is cosplay something you could see yourself still doing in ten years time?
i mean, pretty much absolutely. a good thing about the cosplay community is that it’s always evolving in different ways, so people always find different ways to create a prop that makes it suddenly newly accessible to a wider audience. for example, the domestication of 3D printing has really changed cosplay for a lot of people. personally, i don’t use it, but it’s definitely something i can see myself getting into in the future. it probably helps that my current career is quite literally in costume, so i highly doubt it will change with career paths. but even if it wasn’t, cosplay as a hobby really focuses the three main things you can do with your life. you can make money, if you’re lucky like me and win competitions; it’s fun; and it really develops your creative skills, i can’t tell you how much better i’ve gotten at painting, at sewing. exponentially in the past few years, not even because of competitions but just because i wanted to get better. there’s a certain fire within you when you’re trying to make one of your favourite characters, that you want to make it as screen-accurate as possible so you decide to learn new techniques, so you’ve always evolved your skills as highly as you can.
do you have a current favourite cosplay?
absolutely! i bounce between two as my favourites. in terms of craftsmanship and what it meant to me making it, my princess peach cosplay. it’s probably my biggest build and arguably my favourite in terms of how i made it, just because it challenged me in so many new ways. it got me placed in my first major competition and it won me second at INSOMNIA which was a huge deal, and it paid for itself. but yeah i loved the process of making it, it’s from one of my favourite game series, and it spanned a year and a bit of my life so it really means a lot to me.
but in terms of character, i’ve gotta say my lady dimitrescu cosplay is my favourite and also tends to be a lot of other people’s favourite. it’s mostly my favourite just because i made it during my alevels when resident evil village came out. and ever since then i’ve been constantly evolving that cosplay. i must have remade the entire dress, i remade all the accessories, restyled the wig. and it’s the first cosplay i got to meet a famous person in! i got to meet lady dimitrescu’s voice actor, maggie robertson, in it and so it holds that special memory for me.
do you think princess peach was your most expensive cosplay to make?
absolutely, thought currently she’s looking to get overtaken by moira. because moira is going to require a lot of electronics. but as it stands right now, princess peach is my most expensive. i think i spent about £50 on the lining of the skirt alone, not even the skirt, just the lining of the skirt. if i’m to an average price breakdown: i had to buy roughly i think it was 15 meters of poplin for the dress; i had to buy new boning, i had to buy about 5 metres of steel boning for the corset and the cage skirt; i spent about £60 completely remodelling a pair of shoes, with leather paste and things like that; i spent about £30 on different dyes. so altogether i’d estimate it came to about £200, and then i won £500 so made a profit!
what is your current cosplay you are working on?
so my current one is moira o’deorain from hit game overwatch, except it’s a variant of her regular skin. it’s an archive skin, blackwatch moira, and it’s basically moira as she was about thirty years ago. so that one is going to have a fully electronic LED coded backpack that will be glowing purple and yellow in time with the music for my performance. and i will also have two small smoke machines in my palms, to replicate moira’s powers in game. it’s going to be my competition piece for INSOMNIA august this year, so hopefully i can take the crown this time.
if you could cosplay anywhere in the world where would it be?
so i think my dream is to go to the C2E2 stage in america, as much as i hate america as a country, it is absolutely famous for just the sheer scale of its cons. and C2E2 is pretty much the pinnacle of cosplay in the western world, it’s where the final crown championships are held before they go onto the world cup in japan. it has the infamous, absolutely massive photo studio. and also it’s where some of the top cosplayers in the world gather, so honestly if i were to go anywhere i’d wanna go there.
if you could cosplay anyone in the world who would it be?
i’ve been fighting between two ideas for a very long time. so my number one dream cosplay would probably be jubileus from bayonetta, it’s an absolutely huge cosplay and it would take years and years and years of work. i would have liked to do a full animated LED bodysuit with ideally animated wings and a headpiece. i can’t even tell you how physically impossible that would be, nevermind financially, but it’s in my faraway fantasy dreams. and for my other dream cosplay, the one that’s actually within my reach, i would like to do mother miranda from resident evil eight. with four pairs of animated wings.
what is your least favourite part of cosplay?
definitely i think that there’s quite a bit of negativity. so community is simultaneously both my favourite and least favourite thing about cosplay. because while it’s great you can meet new friends in the community, it’s also very possible that as the community develops there are more and more nasty habits in cosplay. so cosplay elitism is a big problem. and definitely newer people in the community who haven’t quite grasped the etiquette yet, who are perhaps very eager to cosplay but also have a complete lack of respect for people around them.
do you prefer cosplaying for events and competitions or cosplaying at home?
there are merits to both. i definitely enjoy cosplaying at home, but if i’m honest it’s much more of a way of showcasing my cosplay to the wider world through social media. i think i get a lot more enjoyment from cosplaying at events because i get to interact with other people in real life, i get to meet other people who are fans of the same thing i am, and i get to perform on stage which is possibly one of the coolest things about cosplay.
★ the convention experience ★
there are a wide range of activities and attractions as conventions that add to the experience. photo ops and autographs from celebrities, merchandise vendors, the artist alley, pre-release events, panels, group meet-ups, etc.
however, conventions can also be an exhausting experiences. there are often problems with limited personal space, overstimulation, and occasional encounters with unsavoury people


various types of photography opportunities are often available at conventions. photographers patrol the con halls who can take pictures of you and your friends for you to keep or for them to share online, so your cosplay can been seen by an even wider audience. there are also props you can interact with and take your own pictures, often being iconic props or replicas from famous media.






inflatable dinosaurs, giant pikachu costumes and endless Star Wars characters roam the convention that you can take pictures with. as well as fellow cosplayers and convention goes who can ask to have a photo with you or vice-viscera. taking pictures with people cosplaying your favourite characters or finding ones from the same piece of media as you to take fun group photos!
★ post-con depression ★
body using more serotonin that usual during the convention, left with a deficit afterward
physical demands of attending a convention hall
walking around all day, standing in lines, often limited seating areas so you often find gaggles of cosplayers sat on the floor at the edges of the halls
travelling to and from the convention can be tiresome and stressful, especially if you’re crossing timezones
sleep schedule disrupted; waking up early to get in costume, travel, go to panels; staying up late partying and getting back home
convention food is almost always exorbitantly expensive, so some people don’t eat if they haven’t brought food with them, or otherwise eat the convention fast food, neither of which will make you feel great
drinking, especially when partying afterward, will contribute to the depression given alcohol is a depressant. And will be even worse the less food you’ve consumed during the day
‘Con Plague’ can often be contracted, only feeling the effects after the day of exposure to foreign illness. some common con behaviours such as high-fives on the escalator, hugs, photo posing as well as everyone coughing means illness can spread fairly easily. people also come from all over the world to congregate at one convention, so likely bring bacteria and viruses you’re not resistant to
all of this accumulates in mental and physical exhaustion after the convention, also known as a post-con depression
https://animecons.com/articles/post/1476/causes-of-pcd-post-con-depression-and-steps-to-recovery
★ my past cosplays ★


me, Marie and my friend Nicole as Historia, Hange, and Ymir from Attack on Titan (2013)
my first ever cosplay was at MCM Comic-Con Birmingham in 2017. i went as a group cosplay with my friends, we bought all the elements of our outfits as it would definitely be too advanced to recreate the complicated show design with our little experience.


my friend Olivia as Marceline the Vampire Queen from Adventure Time (2010)
my first experience with con-crunch, staying up until 3 in the morning the night before the con making this guitar prop with my friend. its a piece of thin mdf cut to a flat shape by my dad in his workshop, with the ribbon strap attached to the back with duct tape, and painted with acrylic.


me as Lars of the Stars from Steven Universe (2013)
the cape for this outfit was the first time i made a piece of clothing for a cosplay. i made it from cutting up an old velvet halloween cloak and other materials from my collection. the rest of the outfit was comprised of things i already owned, so i didn’t have to spend anything on this cosplay! (i forgot to put my gloves on for the photo whoops)


me as Spinel from Steven Universe: The Movie (2019)
i had just re-dyed my hair pink when i watched the new movie, so wanted to do a make-up look inspired by its main antagonist. i didn’t have pink contacts though so i just recoloured my eyes in procreate after taking the photo!




me and my friend Alisha as Chuuya and Dazai from Bungou Stray Dogs (2016)
cosplay is a great way to bring people with similar interests together, my friend and i met other fans of the show who were dressed as the same characters (but different versions of them). we spent our time at the convention in a group and still remained friends afterwards.



me and Marie as Eda and Lilith Clawthorne from The Owl House (2020)
people often also cosplay at home on their own or with friends, not just for conventions. there are thousands of people who make cosplay videos and do photoshoots to post online, with large communities forming on social media like Tiktok, Instagram and Twitter of people who cosplay and their fans. Marie made both these cosplays and mainly uses them to create online content, her videos occasionally surpassing millions of views, with even the voice actors of these characters commenting on her posts. we just got into these cosplays for fun when i was at her house, and took a couple videos and photos, and because it was just a casual event we didn’t put the contact lenses in because they can be a bit of a nightmare.
★ my top 10 most unique cosplay adaptations of 2D characters ★
Shacktron (Gravity Falls 2012) by UNKNOWN


Princess Peach (Super Mario Bros) by @anarkee



Princess Bubblegum (Adventure Time 2010) by Hannah Alexander


Fire Lord Azula (Avatar the Last Airbender 2005) by Rebecca Bianchi



She-ra (She-ra and the Princesses of Power 2018) by AvantGeekArt on Twitter


The Beast (Over the Garden Wall 2014) by @peroxideprimadonna on Tiktok


White Diamond (Steven Universe 2013) by Kelly Kirstein


Sonic (Sonic the Hedgehog 1991) by @zita.cos on Tiktok



Doll (Black Butler 2008) by @pugoffka-sama on DeviantArt


Zelda (The Legend of Zelda 2017) by @hannaheva on Reddit

★ loss of community craftsmanship in the past decade ★
cosplay as a hobby has greatly expanded in both popularity and social acceptability with the age of social media, naturally leading to an expansion in marketability too. pre-made cosplays for thousands of different characters exist for anyone to buy that once weren’t available, previously the extent for purchase options being halloween costumes of iconic characters. while this has allowed the community to grow and invite more casual cosplayers into cosplaying spaces, it has created a competitive undercurrent and need for constant new cosplay content that isn’t a viable option for those who take time to hand-make their costumes. the influx of cosplay ‘content creators’ spending near £100 on one pre-made cosplay on a regular basic to create social media content with has shifted the image of the cosplay community. master cosplayers talk about the companionship found gathering with fellow craft-makers at conventions, sharing advice and techniques, now fading out with the increasing saturation of bought -cosplays.
(i couldn’t embed the videos but these discussions greatly influence my path in the project, wanting to preserve the craftsmanship in handmade cosplays. most of them start with a clip from the same video, each responding with their own points and experiences)
https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZGJ9mLUMA/?t=1
https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZGJ9mYhkB/?t=1
https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZGJ9m6jjs/?t=1
https://www.tiktok.com/t/ZGJ9aT2Cv/?t=1











My essay is going to be about everything that goes into making complex and impressive cosplays; the amount of skill, dedication and work that it takes to create just one costume. Creating an informational hub for cosplay guidance and techniques, to work to keep the craftsmanship in the cosplay community alive. The presentation of my findings will be alongside the journey of me trying to make my first fully handmade cosplay so I can gather first-hand experience on the whole process of designing and making, visualised in the concept for a point-and-click navigation website. You click on the different components of the cosplay (wig, dress, props) and it takes you to the workspace filled with all the tools and materials used to create that component. There would be different elements to click on throughout the scene that bring up windows with different instructional comics on methods used to make cosplays (using my Bee design as the main visual vehicle as well as elements from other characters). Bee from the surrealist cartoon Bee and Puppycat 2013 pictured above.






















instruction manuals research (above)








